Atomistic mechanisms for bilayer growth of graphene on metal substrates

Wei Chen,1,2,3 Ping Cui,1 Wenguang Zhu,1 Efthimios Kaxiras,3 Yanfei Gao,2,4 and Zhenyu Zhang1 1International Center for Quantum Design of Functional Materials (ICQD), Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China 2Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA 3Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA 4Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA (Received 28 August 2014; revised manuscript received 22 November 2014; published 8 January 2015)